eLearning

David W. Schindler
ABSTRACT
The results of bottle and mesocosm experiments
were compared with those obtained in whole-
ecosystem experiments at the Experimental Lakes
Area. Unless they can be cleverly designed to mimic
major ecosystem processes and community compo-
sitions, smaller-scale experiments often give highly
replicable, but spurious, answers. Problems with
appropriate scaling are difficult to deduce without
direct comparisons with whole-ecosystem experi-
ments. Reasons aremany, but include inappropriate
spatial scales to include whole communities, in
particular predators and nocturnally active animals;
temporal scales that are too short to assess accu-
rately the response of slow-responding organisms
and biogeochemical processes; and elimination of
key littoral–pelagic and catchment–lake interac-
tions. Identical studies of limnological processes in
lakes of a large …

Dan Binkley,
Yowhan Son,
and David W. Valentine
ABSTRACT
The nitrogen (N) cycle of forest ecosystems is un-
derstood relatively well, and few scientists expect
that major revisions will be necessary; most current
work on N cycling focuses on improving the preci-
sion estimates of pools and fluxes, or measuring the
magnitudes of well-known pools in response to
management or disturbances. However, in the past
few decades more than a dozen articles in refereed
journals have claimed very high rates of N input, far
beyond the rates expected for known sources of N.
In this review, we summarize the literature on N
accretion rates in forests that lack substantial con-
tributions from symbiotic N-fixing plants. We …

Howard T. Odum
and Eugene P. Odum
Valuation is one mechanism by which humans
organize occupancy and use of large-scale ecosys-
tems and regions, such as watersheds, estuaries,
cities, states, nations, and ultimately the whole
earth (the global perspective). When human valua-
tions do not measure the real contributions of
natural ecosystems, as is currently the case, ecosys-
tems are not protected, and the larger systems
produce less when the natural ecosystems are lost to
development. Ecologists working on small-scale
studies are concerned with the loss of their study
areas and biodiversity. Ecologists working at large
scales, and society in general, have to be concerned
that poor valuation is delaying the organization of a
sustainable pattern …

Y. CORDIER,
1,3 P. MISKA,
1 and D. FERRE2
1.—Institut d’Electronique et de Microélectronique du Nord, U.M.R.-C.N.R.S 8520,
Avenue Poincaré, Université de Lille 1, BP 69, 59652 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France.
2.—Laboratoire Structure et Propriétés de l’Etat Solide, URA 234, Université de Lille 1,
59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France. 3.—e-mail: yvon.cordier@iemn.univ-lille1.fr
InAs islands self-assembled on InAlAs layers lattice mismatched on GaAs
substrates have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Both pseudomorphic
and metamorphic InAlAs buffer layers were used as a template to investigate the
effects of strain relaxation on the formation of the islands. The effect of alloy
composition in the metamorphic templates is shown on the density and the shape
of …

Abstract With this paper we present a first attempt to
combine the direct results on lithology, composition
and age dating in the boreholes BDP-93, BDP-96 and
BDP-97 with geological and seismic data from the areas
where those sections were drilled. The sedimentary
environments represented by the BDP boreholes are
markedly different and possess characteristic litholog-
ical features. The results of the deep drilling provide
the essential means for testing …

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Bruce P. Luyendyk Institute for Crustal Studies and Department of Geological Sciences, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California 93106-1100
ABSTRACT
In the process of subducted slab capture, a spreading ridge approaches subparallel to
a subduction zone following the trailing edge of a downgoing plate. Eventually the down-
going plate is too young and small to subduct, and spreading stops. The spreading ridge
stalls many tens of kilometres outboard of the subduction zone. The subducted plate welds
to the outboard plate across the dormant spreading center and is captured by it. The
captured plate then acquires the motion of the plate it welded to. In the southwest Pacific
the Pacific-Phoenix …

Ross D. King,
Jem Rowland,
Stephen G. Oliver,
Michael Young,
Wayne Aubrey,
Emma Byrne,
Maria Liakata,
Magdalena Markham,
Pınar Pir,
Larisa N. Soldatova,
Andrew Sparkes,
Kenneth E. Whelan,
Amanda Clare
The basis of science is the hypothetico-deductive method and the recording of experiments in
sufficient detail to enable reproducibility. We report the development of Robot Scientist “Adam,”
which advances the automation of both. Adam has autonomously generated functional genomics
hypotheses about the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and experimentally tested these hypotheses
by using laboratory automation. We have confirmed Adam’s conclusions through manual
experiments. To describe Adam’s research, we have developed an ontology and logical language.
The resulting formalization involves over 10,000 different research units in a nested treelike
structure, 10 levels …

W. Y. Ching,
Lizhi Ouyang,
Paul Rulis,
and Hongzhi Yao1
Department of Physics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
Department of Physics and Mathematics, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee 37211, USA
Based on the most recently determined noncubic structure for
-Al2O3 by Menendez-Proupin and Gutierrez,
a comprehensive list of physical properties is investigated theoretically. These include lattice dynamics and
phonon spectra, elastic constants and bulk structural parameters, electronic structure and interatomic bonding,
optical properties, and x-ray absorption near-edge structure
XANES spectra. Compared to similar calcula-
tions of -Al2O3, we find a smaller lowest zone-center vibrational mode at 97.6 cm−1
, a lower heat capacity,
a smaller bulk modulus, and …